Digital Marketing Agencies

Digital marketing agencies help businesses plan, execute, and optimise marketing activities across digital channels to improve visibility, generate demand, and support long-term growth. As customer journeys increasingly shift online, organisations rely on digital marketing expertise to attract, engage, and convert audiences across search engines, advertising platforms, social networks, and owned digital properties.

Digital marketing agencies may support a wide range of objectives, from brand awareness and lead generation to customer acquisition and lifecycle engagement. Services often span search engine optimisation, paid advertising, performance marketing, social media management, content marketing, analytics, conversion optimisation, and marketing automation. Agencies vary significantly in their strategic depth, execution capabilities, team structures, and engagement models, making careful evaluation important when selecting a partner.

This page provides an overview of digital marketing agencies operating across different markets. It includes publicly available information and contextual insights to help businesses understand the digital marketing landscape and compare potential partners based on scope, expertise, and alignment with business goals.

About Digital Marketing Services

Digital marketing agencies work with organisations at different stages of growth, including startups, mid-sized businesses, and large enterprises. Engagements may focus on individual channels or integrated, multi-channel strategies depending on business objectives, internal capabilities, and budget considerations.

Common use cases for digital marketing services include improving online visibility, generating qualified leads, increasing customer acquisition efficiency, strengthening brand presence, supporting product launches, and measuring performance across digital touchpoints. Some agencies specialise in specific channels or industries, while others operate as full-service partners managing multiple disciplines under a single engagement.

When evaluating digital marketing agencies, businesses should consider clarity of scope, reporting and measurement practices, communication cadence, attribution models, and alignment with growth expectations.

Law & Mediation Offices of Daniel Desario - Agency Logo
Beverly Hills, California, USA

Law & Mediation Offices of Daniel Desario

View Profile

Law & Mediation Offices of Daniel Desario are available 7 days a week for your convenience. Our firm was founded in 1982 and highly experienced in several areas of law committed to providing the people of California and surrounding areas with the professional legal representation they deserve. We know what needs to be done to ensure that your desired outcome is delivered and achieved. We are best Beverly Hills Divorce Lawyer and Family law Attorn... Read more

Legal
Rosenthal Law Firm - Agency Logo
Sacramento, California, USA

Rosenthal Law Firm

View Profile

At Rosenthal Law we believe you shouldn’t have to suffer for the negligence or carelessness of another. You may be eligible to secure significant compensation from the at-fault party for any and all damages you may have accrued. If you or a loved one were seriously injured in an accident that was not your fault our trial attorneys can help you get back on your feet. Contact us today and see how we can ease your way back to full recovery.

Legal
Hanson & Mouri Personal Injury Law Firm - Agency Logo
Riverside, California, USA

Hanson & Mouri Personal Injury Law Firm

View Profile

A traumatic injury can be life-altering bringing immense pain suffering and financial burden. At Hanson & Mouri we are committed to guiding you through these challenging times and ensuring you receive the fair and adequate compensation you deserve. Our personal injury lawyer serving the Riverside and Beaumont areas has dedicated their career to protecting the rights and interests of those seriously injured. With extensive experience as a litigato... Read more

Legal
Startup company counsel - Agency Logo
San Jose, California, USA

Startup company counsel

View Profile

Our mission at Startup Company Counsel is to provide the highest quality, legal advice, business advisory, and marketing expertise for startups and growing companies. We strive to provide the full-service, lifecycle support to emerging companies and exciting new startups. Large established companies have teams of in-house startup attorneys, marketing experts, and board members to help guide the way. Startups have similar needs, but typically not... Read more

Digital Marketing Social Media Marketing Legal
Louislehot - Agency Logo
Palo Alto, California, USA

Louislehot

View Profile

Louis Lehot is an incredible business lawyer and partner with Foley & Lardner LLP. He spends his time providing entrepreneurs innovative companies and investors with practical and commercial legal strategies and solutions at all stages of growth from garage to global. Known for helping hundreds of companies at formation obtaining financing solving governing challenges going public and buying and selling industrial leaders widely accept and praise... Read more

Legal
Ernst Law Group - Agency Logo
San Luis Obispo, California, USA

Ernst Law Group

View Profile

If you have been hurt in an accident that wasn’t your fault you may be questioning if you need a lawyer. The answer is most likely yes. A California Personal injury lawyer can help you get the money you deserve for your medical bills lost wages and more. Ernst Law Group is highly experienced in handling personal injury cases. We will work with you to get the reimbursement you deserve for your injuries.

Legal
Marcarian Law Firm P.C. - Agency Logo
Los Angeles, California, USA

Marcarian Law Firm P.C.

View Profile

Marcarian Law Firm specializes in handling pharmacy law medical malpractice class action vaccine injury and employment law cases in Los Angeles California

Legal
Grey Law - Agency Logo
Beverly Hills, California, USA

Grey Law is a workplace injury law firm based in Los Angeles CA. Founded in 1986 the firm has a wealth of experience handling all types of work injury cases and recovering maximum compensation for their clients. Whether you have been injured on a construction site or injured while landscaping the Los Angeles work injury attorneys at Grey Law are here to help you find justice. Call the firm at (323) 857-9500 today to receive a free case consultati... Read more

Legal
Aric N. Williams PA - Agency Logo
Escondido, California, USA

Aric N. Williams PA

View Profile

I provide consulting services as a Fractional COO and my firm provides 1) legal consulting for any type of transactions including but limited to MnA on both the buy and sell side due diligence post transaction integration 2) business advising for creating and exiting a Private Equity Fund 3) business advising for Venture Capitalist looking to sell under preforming companies in its portfolio 4) Acquisition Strategist to Serial Entrepreneurs 5) und... Read more

Legal
Jalilvand Law Corporation - Agency Logo
Beverly Hills, California, USA

Jalilvand Law Corporation

View Profile

When you need legal assistance you can turn to Jalilvand Law Corporation (JLC). Founded by lead attorney Kamelia Jalilvand the mission of our firm is to help our clients find the solutions and justice they deserve. We regularly help clients who suffered serious personal injuries as well as those who need assistance with complex real estate matters. If you are looking for a Beverly Hills personal injury or real estate lawyer contact Jalilvand Law... Read more

Legal
Arash Law - Agency Logo
Los Angeles, California, USA

Arash Law

View Profile

Arash Law is one of the most widely-known and thriving California injury law firms with a legal team of over 50 who collectively give unparalleled customer service and results. Our firm’s sought-after trial attorneys have won multimillion-dollar verdicts and settlements in catastrophic injury & wrongful death cases. Each year Arash Law gets recognized with prestigious awards including accolades by distinguished industry leaders and prestigious at... Read more

Legal
Law Offices of Edith Nazarian APC - Agency Logo
Glendale, California, USA

Law Offices of Edith Nazarian APC

View Profile

The Law Offices of Edith Nazarian APC is your beacon of legal support in the bustling heart of Los Angeles California. Our distinguished attorney Edith A. Nazarian specializes in immigration and criminal law proudly serving clients throughout Los Angeles and across the entire state of California.

Legal
Law Offices of Randy Sue Pollock - Agency Logo
Oakland, California, USA

Law Offices of Randy Sue Pollock

View Profile

Facing criminal charges in Oakland? Randy Sue Pollock an experienced criminal lawyer provides exceptional defense strategies. Her knowledge of Oakland's legal landscape and her commitment to your case ensures the best possible outcome for your situation. Email:- rsp@rspollocklaw.com

Legal
My Tax Settlement - Agency Logo
Bonita, California, USA

My Tax Settlement

View Profile

We are tax resolution specialists (also known as tax relief specialists) that offer the following services in San Diego: IRS Tax Installment Agreement Tax penalty abatement IRS Fresh Tax Settlement Service IRS Tax Audit Representation IRS Tax offer in compromise Tax offer in compromise Tax Resolution Service IRS WAGE Garnishment Help Payroll Tax Debt Relief Service Settlement IRS Tax Levy

Legal
Di Martino Law Firm - Agency Logo
Los Angeles, California, USA

Di Martino Law Firm

View Profile

Di Martino Law Group centers its legal practice on the intersection of business law and international commercial matters. With offices in the United States and in Europe our law firm offers legal representation to clients with business interests in both sides of the Atlantic. Our lawyers have been involved in the practice of law for more than forty years specializing in the diverse areas of law business and related public policy.

Legal
Martinian Lawyers - Agency Logo
Los Angeles, California, USA

Martinian Lawyers

View Profile

Martinian Lawyers is a premier personal injury law firm based in Los Angeles CA. The firm is committed to fighting for justice and has recovered millions of dollars for its clients in doing so. When you choose Martinian Lawyers you will receive unparalleled legal representation timely communication and multilingual support. Schedule a free consultation with Martinian Lawyers to learn more. Call (323) 443-3390 today!

Legal
DiMarco | Araujo | Montevideo - Agency Logo
Santa Ana, California, USA

DiMarco | Araujo | Montevideo

View Profile

Our firm has been helping injured victims in Orange County Riverside San Bernardino and Las Vegas for over 40 years. While you recover from your injury let our attorneys handle the workers' compensation or personal injury legal process.

Legal
Carlsbad Law Group LLP - Agency Logo
Carlsbad, California, USA

Carlsbad Law Group LLP

View Profile

Successfully representing clients with creative solutions for complex legal matters including General Civil Litigation Business Litigation Commercial and Construction Transactions Employment Law Personal Injury Real Estate Litigation and Insurance Litigation. Carlsbad Law Group LLP is a full-service law firm providing superior legal services for clients throughout California and nationwide. Our firm has extensive expertise in a wide variety of c... Read more

Legal
K & G Immigration Law - Agency Logo
San Francisco, California, USA

K & G Immigration Law

View Profile

California and Northern Nevada immigration lawyers. Serving individuals families as well as businesses and enterprises. Experts in US immigration legal matters deportation defense and criminal issues for immigrants. Offering in office and online consultations. Staff speaks many languages including native Spanish. We won thousands of cases for our immigrant clients. In business since 1988

Legal
Intrepid Financial Technology - Agency Logo
San Francisco, California, USA

Intrepid Financial Technology

View Profile

INTREPID helps startups and remote companies hire and pay anyone anwhere.

PEO Legal
Hooshmand Law Group - Agency Logo
San Francisco, California, USA

Hooshmand Law Group

View Profile

Hooshmand Law Group helps individuals and businesses recover compensation and damages from those who have committed wrongs. Whether addressing wrongful evictions consumer fraud or business contract breaches we work harder smarter and tirelessly with the goal of recovering the maximum value for our clients. We are passionate about what we do and we are one of the only lawfirms willing to take our client's case all the way through trial in order to... Read more

Legal
National Tax Attorney - Agency Logo
San Diego, California, USA

National Tax Attorney

View Profile

National Tax Attorney provides the following Services: IRS Back Taxes Offer in Compromise IRS Payment Plans Tax Relief Steps to Resolve Your Tax Debt Back Taxes Return and Unfiled Tax Liens IRS Wage Garnishment Bank Levies Delinquent and Unfiled Tax Returns & Back Tax

Legal
Immigration Lawyer San Diego - Agency Logo
San Diego, California, USA

Immigration Lawyer San Diego

View Profile

Immigration Lawyer San Diego shows an extensive understanding of the dynamic and intricate realm of immigration law which enables us to comprehend its ever-changing and complex nature. The comprehensive range of visa solutions offered by our San Diego Immigration Lawyer accommodates a diverse array of needs and extends to Chula Vista as an integral component of our services. Our area of expertise at Immigration Lawyer San Diego is work visas. We ... Read more

Legal
Walker Law - Agency Logo
San Diego, California, USA

Walker Law

View Profile

San Diego employees and contractors facing unfair treatment at work deserve strong legal representation. At our San Diego employment law firm we champion employee rights and fight for what's fair. Whether you've been discriminated against harassed retaliated against or wrongfully terminated our experienced and dedicated lawyers can help. We offer free consultations to discuss your situation and explore your legal options. With a deep understandi... Read more

Legal
Nelson Rozier & Christenson - Agency Logo
Visalia, California, USA

Nelson Rozier & Christenson

View Profile

Nelson Rozier & Christenson is a personal injury law firm located in Visalia CA. We are committed to helping people who have suffered serious injuries through car accidents motorcycle accidents & truck accidents and help them put their lives back together by securing the compensation they need & deserve. We are proud to represent people from all walks of life and the firm has the experience & resources to aggressively do so regardless of how larg... Read more

Legal
Terra Law LLP - Agency Logo
San Jose, California, USA

Terra Law LLP

View Profile

Terra Law brings a value added approach to the resolution of legal issues in San Jose and throughout the Bay Area. The talented team of attorneys at Terra Law combines the years of experience skill and breadth of achievement typically found at larger firms with the attentive service characteristic of a smaller practice. The firm has extensive experience in civil litigation and trials and has represented a wide range of clients including Fortune ... Read more

Legal
Aharoni Law Firm - Agency Logo
Beverly Hills, California, USA

Aharoni Law Firm

View Profile

Aharoni Law Firm is a highly-regarded firm specializing in Israeli estate and real estate law. Aharoni Law Firm attorneys are experts in navigating the complexities of inheritance and property claims in Israel and we have a proven track record of success. Our services include Israeli succession law probate & estate law Israeli real estate law unclaimed property in Israel and Israeli contract and business law. The firm prides itself on providing e... Read more

Legal
Peck Law Group - Agency Logo
Los Angeles, California, USA

Peck Law Group

View Profile

The Peck Law Group is California’s premier law firm specializing in Nursing Home Abuse and Neglect and Elder Abuse and Neglect cases. Specialties include cases dealing with bed sores sexual assault choking infections elopement dehydration slip and falls malnutrition and bed bugs to name a few. With over 45 years combined experience in the field the Peck Law Group will fight to ensure you receive the most substantial reward possible even in the m... Read more

Legal
Albertson & Davidson LLP - Agency Logo
Carlsbad, California, USA

Albertson & Davidson LLP

View Profile

If you are facing a battle over a California trust will probate proceeding or wrongful death you don’t have to go it alone. Our experienced trust and will inheritance lawyers are here to help. We stand. We fight. We win. At Albertson & Davidson our trust and will litigation attorneys handle a wide range of matters involving trusts wills and probate. Our compassionate and skilled legal team has recovered more than $130 million in verdicts and sett... Read more

Legal
Yorktown Main Tax & Accounting - Agency Logo
Huntington Beach, California, USA

Yorktown Main Tax & Accounting

View Profile

Yorktown Main Tax & Accounting is a boutique tax and accounting firm based in California offering specialized services in tax preparation foreign reporting (FBAR) and IRS problem resolution for individuals estates trusts and small businesses. With a deep expertise in reporting foreign income bank accounts and international tax our reach extends far beyond our headquarters in Huntington Beach serving clients both domestically and globally. Our fi... Read more

Legal
Peebles Kidder Bergin & Robinson LLP - Agency Logo
Sacramento, California, USA

Peebles Kidder Bergin & Robinson LLP

View Profile

Peebles Kidder attorneys are dedicated to the representation of American Indian tribes and Native American organizations throughout the United States. Our mission is to seek justice for Tribal nations and their citizens; promoting protecting and preserving Tribal sovereignty culture and resources. Since 1997 our Firm’s legacy traces the evolution of tribal government gaming and innovative economic development in Indian Country.

Legal
Law Office of Brett Peterson - Agency Logo
San Diego, California, USA

Law Office of Brett Peterson

View Profile

In search of a skilled and trustworthy San Diego personal injury lawyer? Consider the Law Office of Brett Peterson as your only option. With a proven track record of success and a steadfast dedication to justice our legal team is devoted to delivering all-encompassing legal assistance to individuals in San Diego who are confronted with personal injury cases. We at the Law Office of Brett Peterson are cognizant of the financial emotional and physi... Read more

Legal
Kailash Concepts - Agency Logo
San Francisco, California, USA

Kailash Concepts

View Profile

What We Do? We use historical data to drive our empirical research. Our goal is to identify stocks that we believe offer better returns and lower risk over the long run. We are not speculators. You won’t find us claiming that we can tell you what the “next Amazon” is going to be. We stick to the facts use data and history to inform our views and present the information in an impartial manner. Visit our website https://kailashconcepts.com/ f... Read more

Legal
Talkov Law Corp. - Agency Logo
Newport Beach, California, USA

Talkov Law Corp.

View Profile

Talkov Law is California's premier law firm handling partition actions or the court-ordered process of equitably dividing co-owned property. Talkov Law's partition attorneys are highly skilled in ending co-ownership disputes. Whether the property is owned by a former romantic couple family members or other co-owners getting out of a co-ownership relationship is possible with a partition action.

Legal
Helbocklaw - The Best Law Office - Agency Logo
San Diego, California, USA

Helbocklaw - The Best Law Office

View Profile

Melinda J. Helbock A.P.C. is dedicated to providing high quality legal services to people in the San Diego area as well as the entire country. Firm founder Melinda Helbock has extensive knowledge and experience in a broad range of legal matters.

Legal
Wingtip Communications - Agency Logo
Danville, California, USA

Wingtip Communications

View Profile

ince 1995 Wingtip has developed and refined an arsenal of marketing tools designed specifically to help law firms and individual attorneys across the country meet and retain clients. We literally cover the entire spectrum from television and mass media to the internet and social channels. We operate an in-house consumer advocacy call center and maintain a vast network of community outreach programs. Wingtip Communications is partnering with the ... Read more

Legal
Hershey Law P.C. - Agency Logo
Los Angeles, California, USA

Hershey Law P.C.

View Profile

Hershey Law is an employment law firm serving Los Angeles Orange County and the surrounding areas. We’ve been able to successfully assist hundreds of clients and are looking forward to potentially being able to work with you.

Legal
Vanetik International LLC - Agency Logo
Orange, California, USA

Vanetik International LLC

View Profile

Vanetik International LLC is a private equity investment firm based in Southern California. We provides business advisory services in a variety of industries as well as specializes in capital formation marketing acquisitions dispositions and a variety of other strategic business planning matters. As the private equity we invest in a diverse range of mid-market businesses across every region and sector of the UK economy. We are a team of highly d... Read more

Legal
Peck Law Group - Agency Logo
Los Angeles, California, USA

Peck Law Group

View Profile

The Peck Law Group is California’s premier law firm specializing in Nursing Home Abuse and Neglect and Elder Abuse and Neglect cases. Specialties include cases dealing with bed sores sexual assault choking infections elopement dehydration slip and falls malnutrition and bed bugs to name a few. With over 45 years combined experience in the field the Peck Law Group will fight to ensure you receive the most substantial reward possible even in the m... Read more

Legal
Browne Employment Lawyers - Agency Logo
Marina del Rey, California, USA

Browne Employment Lawyers

View Profile

The employment and civil rights team at Browne Employment Lawyers stands up for the rights of employees tenants and individuals who have faced discrimination harassment or retaliation based on various protected characteristics. This includes race gender disability medical condition sexual orientation gender identity gender expression pregnancy and age. We also provide representation for victims of police misconduct and other civil rights violatio... Read more

Legal
BizNCorp - Agency Logo
Newark, California, USA

BizNCorp is one of the best LLC filing companies in the US. We set up LLC businesses S-Corp and C-Corp business as well as all necessary documentation on the back end of your business! Get the best LLC formation services in very affordable prices from BizNCorp and start the business of your dreams.

Legal
Carbon Law Group APLC - Agency Logo
Los Angeles, California, USA

Carbon Law Group APLC

View Profile

Carbon Law Group provides comprehensive legal services tailored to support businesses throughout their journey. The firm specializes in corporate law intellectual property commercial transactions and general outside counsel services. The firm emphasizes affordability transparency and personalized consultations distinguishing itself from online DIY legal services by offering expert-driven customized solutions and long-term support. With a focus on... Read more

Legal
The Zion Group - Agency Logo
San Diego, California, USA

The Zion Group

View Profile

The Zion Group of Companies provides professional consulting services in the areas of real estate financing and business mergers and acquisitions. The Zion Group brings the power of collective experience and knowledge to each client’s transaction; whether we are assisting you with real estate assisting with financing for your real estate or advocating as your business brokerage advisor to sell or purchase a business.

Legal
Calderone Law Firm - Agency Logo
El Segundo, California, USA

Calderone Law Firm

View Profile

Here at the Calderone Law Firm we understand the anxiety and stress created by a work environment in which you suffer discrimination and harassment. The fact is you don't have to tolerate it. For more than 30 years our law firm has provided superior advocacy to people in El Segundo California and the surrounding areas who are going through situations similar to yours. Under the circumstances you may find it challenging to find an attorney with w... Read more

Legal
Law Advocate Group LLP - Agency Logo
Thousand Oaks, California, USA

Law Advocate Group LLP

View Profile

Law advocate group provides general legal services counsel and representation to individuals and businesses throughout the United States. Our business attorney represent a combined experience of more than 80 years. Each business attorney los angeles brings their own strengths and concentrations permitting us to cover a wide range of Business legal matters. Real estate attorney los angeles provides land sales real estate acquisitions real estate c... Read more

Legal
Randolph and Associates - Agency Logo
Santa Monica, California, USA

Randolph and Associates

View Profile

At Randolph and Associates the personal injury attorneys in Santa Monica are committed to excellence in their work which means their clients benefit from high-quality representation that delivers the results they want and need. They appreciate that the lives of their personal injury clients and their loved ones have been deeply affected by their injuries–whether catastrophic or less severe–so they take their role of protecting their interests and... Read more

Legal
SSD Law Firm PC - Agency Logo
Fresno, California, USA

SSD Law Firm PC

View Profile

Our Fresno California personal injury lawyer is here to assist you if you have been hurt as a result of someone else's carelessness. We fight for your rights and welfare assisting you at every stage of the legal procedure. Owner Name: Sarwinder Dhanjan Business Name: SSD Law Firm PC Business Address: 2170 N. Winery Ave Fresno CA 93703 Business Contact Number: (559) 342-2000 Business Email: sdhanjan@lawfirmssd.com

Legal
Sessions & Kimball LLP - Agency Logo
Mission Viejo, California, USA

Sessions & Kimball LLP

View Profile

Orange County Employment Law Attorneys

Legal
Dawson & Rosenthal P.C. - Agency Logo
San Diego, California, USA

Dawson & Rosenthal P.C.

View Profile

At Dawson & Rosenthal P.C. we represent people who face a significant financial burden because of denied insurance claims and instances of insurance bad faith. We handle cases of denied claims in health care disability homeowners automobile and commercial liability insurance. In addition we take on serious injury cases on a select basis. We have office locations in Sedona Arizona and San Diego California.

Legal
Evans Law Firm Inc. - Agency Logo
San Francisco, California, USA

Evans Law Firm Inc.

View Profile

If you think that you might have been the victim of securities or stockbroker fraud it could be in your best interest to talk over your concerns with an experienced California securities fraud lawyer. Contact Ingrid M. Evans and the other securities fraud attorneys at the Evans Law Firm for a free consultation.

Legal

FAQs about Digital Marketing Agencies

What do digital marketing agencies do?

Digital marketing agencies help businesses attract, engage, and convert customers through online channels. Their work may include strategy development, campaign execution, performance optimisation, and ongoing measurement across digital platforms.

What services are commonly offered by digital marketing agencies?

Services may include search engine optimisation, paid advertising, performance marketing, social media marketing, content marketing, analytics, conversion rate optimisation, and marketing automation. The exact mix depends on the agency’s focus and expertise.

How can businesses evaluate digital marketing agencies?

Businesses often evaluate agencies based on experience with similar industries or business models, clarity of deliverables, reporting transparency, communication practices, and alignment with marketing objectives and budgets.

What pricing models do digital marketing agencies typically use?

Common pricing models include monthly retainers, project-based fees, performance-linked arrangements, or hybrid structures. Pricing varies based on scope, duration, and complexity of the engagement.

Do digital marketing agencies work with startups and small businesses?

Some agencies focus on startups and small businesses, while others primarily serve mid-market or enterprise clients. Suitability depends on growth stage, budget, and required level of support.

How long does it take to see results from digital marketing efforts?

Timelines depend on the channels involved. Paid advertising may generate short-term results, while organic strategies such as SEO and content marketing typically require several months to show measurable impact.

Are digital marketing engagements usually long-term?

Many engagements are ongoing, particularly for SEO, performance optimisation, and content-led strategies. Short-term or project-based engagements are also common for launches or specific campaigns.

Do digital marketing agencies work with clients across regions or countries?

Yes. Many agencies serve clients nationally or internationally, as digital marketing execution is often location-agnostic when communication and reporting requirements are met.

Top Cities for Legal Agencies

Explore Legal agencies in popular cities. These priority locations represent key markets where businesses commonly seek Legal services.

Browse by Related Legal

Explore other Agencies related to Legal that businesses commonly consider alongside this category. These related categories provide broader context, alternative service options, and adjacent capabilities relevant to businesses operating in California, USA.

Browse Legal by Location

Explore Legal Agencies across different cities and regions. These locations help businesses compare availability and service coverage for Legal beyond a single area.